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Fifty-two endophytic fungi strains with different colony morphologies were isolated from stems, leaves and roots of Huperzia serrata (Thunb. ex Murray) Trevis. collected from Bawangling Reserve of Hainan Province in southern China...
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Fifty-two endophytic fungi strains with different colony morphologies were isolated from stems, leaves and roots of Huperzia serrata (Thunb. ex Murray) Trevis. collected from Bawangling Reserve of Hainan Province in southern China. They were identified mainly based on rDNA ITS sequences and phylogenetic analysis. The results showed that all strains belonged to four classes, i.e. Sordariomycetes (92.31%), Dothideomycetes (3.85%), Pezizomycetes (1.92%) and Agaricomycetes (1.92%). Forty-seven strains were identified at the genus level, including Glomerella (Colletotrichum), Hypocrea (Trichoderma), Pleurostoma, Chaetomium, Coniochaeta (Lecythophora), Daldinia, Xylaria, Hypoxylon, Nodulisporium, Cazia and Phellinus. As to the other five strains, three were identified at the order level and two at the family level, indicating that a great diversity of fungi taxa exists in H. serrata. Most isolated strains belonged to the genus of Glomerella (Colletotrichum) and Hypoxylon, twenty-one from Glomerella and its anamorph Colletotrichum (42.3% of total isolated strains) and ten from Hypoxylon (19.2% of total isolated strains). Pleurostoma, Chaetomium, Coniochaeta (Lecythophora), Daldinia, Xylaria, Hypoxylon, Nodulisporium, Cazia and Phellinus were reported as endophytic fungi isolated from H. serrata for the first time.
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Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal composition was examined in a Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forest. A total of 28 root samples of P. tabulaeformis were collected in June and September. Thirty-five ECM morphotypes were identified accordin...
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Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal composition was examined in a Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forest. A total of 28 root samples of P. tabulaeformis were collected in June and September. Thirty-five ECM morphotypes were identified according to ECM morphological characters. and 26 ECM fungi were identified based on the analyses of ITS-RFLP and ITS sequences. Tomentella, Sebacina, and Tuber were common genera, and Atheliaceae sp., Lactarius deliciosus, Tomentella ferruginea, and Tomentella sp. 3 were dominant species. Of these ECM fungi, 13 were found in June, 19 in September, and 6 during both sampling times. Atheliaceae sp. and T. ferruginea were the dominant fungi both in June and September. Lactarius deliciosus was dominant in June, but rare in September. Tomentella sp. 3 was dominant in September but rare in June.
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Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal composition was examined in a Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forest. A total of 28 root samples of P. tabulaeformis were collected in June and September. Thirty-five ECM morphotypes were identified accordin...
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Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal composition was examined in a Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forest. A total of 28 root samples of P. tabulaeformis were collected in June and September. Thirty-five ECM morphotypes were identified according to ECM morphological characters. and 26 ECM fungi were identified based on the analyses of ITS-RFLP and ITS sequences. Tomentella, Sebacina, and Tuber were common genera, and Atheliaceae sp., Lactarius deliciosus, Tomentella ferruginea, and Tomentella sp. 3 were dominant species. Of these ECM fungi, 13 were found in June, 19 in September, and 6 during both sampling times. Atheliaceae sp. and T. ferruginea were the dominant fungi both in June and September. Lactarius deliciosus was dominant in June, but rare in September. Tomentella sp. 3 was dominant in September but rare in June.
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Scats are often used to study ecological parameters of carnivore species. However, field identification of carnivore scats, based on their morphological characteristics, becomes difficult if many carnivore species are distributed ...
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Scats are often used to study ecological parameters of carnivore species. However, field identification of carnivore scats, based on their morphological characteristics, becomes difficult if many carnivore species are distributed in the same area. We assessed error rates in morphological identification of five sympatric carnivores’ scats in north-eastern Himalayan region of Pakistan during 2013–2017. A sample of 149 scats were subjected to molecular identification using fecal DNA. We used a confusion matrix to assess different types of errors associated with carnivore scat identification. We were able to amplify DNA from 96.6% (n = 144) of scats. Based on field identification of carnivore scats, we had predicted that out of 144 scats: 11 (7.6%) scats were from common leopard, 38 (26.4%) from red fox, 29 (20.1%) from Asiatic jackal, 37 (25.7%) from yellow throated martin, 14 (9.7%) from Asian palm civet and 15 (10.4%) from small Indian civet. However, molecular identification revealed and confirmed nine were scats (6.24%) from common leopard, 40 (27.8 %) from red fox, 21 (14.6%) from Asiatic jackal, 45 (31.25%) from Asian palm civet, 12 (8.3%) scats from small Indian civet, while 11 scats (7.6%) were found from Canis lupus Spp., three (2%) from dog, one (0.7 %) scat sample from porcupine, and two (1.4%) from rhesus monkey. Misidentification rate was highest for Asian palm civet (25.7%), followed by red fox (11.1%) and Asiatic jackal (9.7%) but least for common leopard scats (4.2%). The results specific to our study area concur with previous studies that have recommended that carnivore monitoring programs utilize molecular identification of predator scats. Using only morphological identification of scats can be misleading and may result in wrong management decisions.
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Molecular and morphological techniques were used to examine New Zealand ascomycetous truffle (Tuber spp.) samples deposited in the Plant & Food Research and Landcare Research Fungi Herbarium collections. Truffles have been found on the roots of many Northern Hemisphere tree species growing in New Zealand, but not on indigenous plant species. Comparisons of ribosomal DNA sequences proved to be a simple and rapid method to identify the Tuber species. Tuber maculatum was by far the predominant species in New Zealand, and was distributed throughout the country. A single truffle sample from Christchurch was identified as T. rufum. Two other groups of truffle samples from Pinus spp. were closely related to anonymous Northern Hemisphere Tuber sequences. Ascocarps with these sequences have not previously been described. Specific primers for the PCR detection of these Pinus isolates were developed. None of these Tuber species accidentally introduced to New Zealand is of economic value....
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Molecular and morphological techniques were used to examine New Zealand ascomycetous truffle (Tuber spp.) samples deposited in the Plant & Food Research and Landcare Research Fungi Herbarium collections. Truffles have been found on the roots of many Northern Hemisphere tree species growing in New Zealand, but not on indigenous plant species. Comparisons of ribosomal DNA sequences proved to be a simple and rapid method to identify the Tuber species. Tuber maculatum was by far the predominant species in New Zealand, and was distributed throughout the country. A single truffle sample from Christchurch was identified as T. rufum. Two other groups of truffle samples from Pinus spp. were closely related to anonymous Northern Hemisphere Tuber sequences. Ascocarps with these sequences have not previously been described. Specific primers for the PCR detection of these Pinus isolates were developed. None of these Tuber species accidentally introduced to New Zealand is of economic value.
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Two nematode populations were extracted from infested roots of Astragalas membranaceus and stems of Dioscorea opposite from China. The two nematode populations shared morphological and morphometric characteristics and were similar...
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Two nematode populations were extracted from infested roots of Astragalas membranaceus and stems of Dioscorea opposite from China. The two nematode populations shared morphological and morphometric characteristics and were similar to Ditylenchus destructor. Amplification of DNA sequences from the ITS-rDNA region of the two populations yielded products of 891 bp and 751 bp, with both of the sequences bearing more than 98% identity with the sequences of D. destructor deposited in the GenBank database. Partial 18S rRNA sequence amplification yielded a 1225 bp length product from both populations, with only 1.2% variance between the two populations and both having more than 98% identity with sequences deposited in the GenBank database for D. destructor. Therefore, the two nematode populations were identified as D. destructor and the two plant species must be considered new hosts for this nematode.
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Two nematode populations were extracted from infested roots of Astragalas membranaceus and stems of Dioscorea opposite from China. The two nematode populations shared morphological and morphometric characteristics and were similar...
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Two nematode populations were extracted from infested roots of Astragalas membranaceus and stems of Dioscorea opposite from China. The two nematode populations shared morphological and morphometric characteristics and were similar to Ditylenchus destructor. Amplification of DNA sequences from the ITS-rDNA region of the two populations yielded products of 891 bp and 751 bp, with both of the sequences bearing more than 98% identity with the sequences of D. destructor deposited in the GenBank database. Partial 18S rRNA sequence amplification yielded a 1225 bp length product from both populations, with only 1.2% variance between the two populations and both having more than 98% identity with sequences deposited in the GenBank database for D. destructor. Therefore, the two nematode populations were identified as D. destructor and the two plant species must be considered new hosts for this nematode.
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Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particle formation ranks among the least understood chemical processes in the atmosphere, rooted in part in the lack of knowledge about chemical composition and structure at the particle surface, an...
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Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particle formation ranks among the least understood chemical processes in the atmosphere, rooted in part in the lack of knowledge about chemical composition and structure at the particle surface, and little availability of reference compounds needed for benchmarking and chemical identification in pure and homogenous form. Here, we synthesize and characterize SOA particle constituents consisting of the isoprene oxidation products α-, β-, and cis- and trans-β-IEPOX (isoprene epoxide), as well as syn- and anti-2-methyltetraol. Paying particular attention to their phase state (condensed vs. vapor), we carry out a surface-specific and orientationally selective chemical analysis by vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy of these compounds in contact with a fused silica window. Comparison to the vibrational SFG spectra of synthetic isoprene-derived SOA particle material prepared at the Harvard Environmental Chamber yields a plausible match with trans-β-IEPOX, suggesting it is an abundant species on their surfaces, while the other species studied here, if present, appear to be SFG inactive and thus likely to be localized in a centrosymmetric environment, e.g., the particle bulk. No match is found for authentic SOA particle material collected at the site of the Amazonian Aerosol Characterization Experiment (AMAZE-08) with the surface SFG spectra of the compounds surveyed here, yet we cannot rule out this mismatch being attributable to differences in molecular orientation. The implications of our findings for SOA formation are discussed in the context of condensational particle growth and reactivity.
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Gate opening of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) is an important microscopic phenomenon in explaining the adsorption, diffusion, and separation processes for large guest molecules. We present a force field, with input from d...
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Gate opening of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) is an important microscopic phenomenon in explaining the adsorption, diffusion, and separation processes for large guest molecules. We present a force field, with input from density functional theory (DFT) calculations, for the molecular dynamics simulation on the gate opening in ZIF-8. The computed self-diffusivities for sorbed C1 to C3 hydrocarbons were in good agreement with the experimental values. The observed sharp diffusion separation from C_2H_6 to C_3H_8 was elucidated by investigating the conformations of the guest molecules integrated with the flexibility of the host framework.
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Natural occurrence of severe chlorotic mottle disease of carrot (Daucus carota) with a significant incidence was observed in northern Uttar Pradesh, India. The causal pathogen was successfully transmitted to a number of test plant...
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Natural occurrence of severe chlorotic mottle disease of carrot (Daucus carota) with a significant incidence was observed in northern Uttar Pradesh, India. The causal pathogen was successfully transmitted to a number of test plants through sap inoculations and by aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover). The association of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and confirmed by sequencing of similar to 2.2 Kb amplicons. Analyses of sequence data (EU642567) revealed the presence of 2203 nucleotides of complete RNA3 which included two open reading frames (ORFs): movement protein (840 nucleotides translating 279 amino acid residues) and coat protein (657 nucleotides translating 218 amino acid residues). During BLAST analysis of complete RNA3 sequence, carrot virus isolate shared highest 97% identities with several strains of CMV of subgroup II reported worldwide. Phylogenetic analysis using RNA3 sequence data of selected strains of CMV of subgroup IA, IB and II showed the close relationship of carrot isolate with the strains of CMV of subgroup II. Based on highest sequence identities (97%) and close phylogenetic relationship, the causal virus of mottle disease in carrot was identified as an isolate of CMV belonging to subgroup II. The association of CMV of subgroup II with chlorotic mottle disease of D. carota is a first report from India.
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